Several high-profile incidents have highlighted the issue of cabin depressurization on airliners. While some cabin pressure incidents can cause serious injuries or even fatalities, most pose little threat to passengers. Basic precautionary steps can help protect travelers in the event of an emergency.
Cabin Pressurization-related Incidents
Cabin pressurization incidents occur on a regular basis around the world, but the majority do not cause injuries. According to reports in The Aviation Herald database, nearly 50 incidents involving some issue with cabin pressure have occurred so far in 2018. Most of the depressurization incidents this year involved a failure to pressurize the cabin as the aircraft climbed or a gradual loss of cabin pressure while the aircraft was at altitude. Only three known incidents caused injuries, most notably, the April 17 incident on Southwest Airlines (WN) Flight 1380 that resulted in the death of a passenger.
Health Effects of Depressurization
Most cabin depressurization incidents do not cause long-term health impacts; however, rare instances can result in severe injury or death. The most serious health threat in cabin depressurization incidents is hypoxia, or a lack of sufficient oxygen. Hypoxia can cause numerous symptoms, including breathlessness, fatigue, and impaired decision-making and physical functioning. Sustained hypoxia can eventually cause loss of consciousness and death.
Cabin depressurization can cause injuries to passengers’ ears due to the sudden change in air pressure. Such injuries can be very painful, but generally, do not cause long-term health impacts. Nausea is another common symptom of cabin depressurization and usually subsides after the aircraft lands.
An explosive decompression that causes a large breach in the airliner’s fuselage can suck an individual out of a plane, either partially or completely. Such instances are very rare on commercial airliners. An individual sucked out of a plane faces a very high probability of dying, though some have survived.
Mitigation Measures to Protect Travelers
Passengers can take several steps to protect themselves in the event of cabin depressurization. The required steps are simple, but passengers must complete them quickly, especially if the aircraft suddenly loses cabin pressure.
Passengers must don oxygen masks quickly after an airliner loses cabin pressure, as the effects of hypoxia may impair their ability to do so after a short time. Studies have shown that hypoxia following a sudden loss of cabin pressure in an airliner at cruise altitude can begin impairing a person’s functioning and decision-making in as little as eight seconds. Within 30 seconds, passengers may become so impaired they are unable to perform simple tasks such as putting on an oxygen mask. Passengers should ensure that the oxygen mask is worn properly so that it covers both the nose and mouth.
One way passengers can ensure familiarity with oxygen masks in an emergency is to pay attention to the preflight safety briefing and review the safety information card provided by the airline.
Passengers should also heed the instruction to put on their own oxygen mask before helping others put on their masks. Passengers who have put on their own oxygen masks will be fully capable of helping others in nearby seats, but passengers who do not may become impaired before they are able to help others or themselves.
In the very rare instance of an explosive decompression, wearing seatbelts increases passengers’ chances of survival. Seatbelts do not provide absolute protection to passengers; media reports indicate that the passenger killed on Southwest Flight 1380 was wearing her seatbelt. However, seatbelts have protected passengers in some explosive decompression incidents. The most notable such incident involved Aloha Airlines (AQ) Flight 243 in 1988, in which all passengers who had their seat belts fastened survived an explosive decompression that blew off a large portion of the aircraft’s forward fuselage.
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A more in-depth version of this piece was featured in our most-recent Airline Safety Newsletter.
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