The employer community has been waiting for years to receive guidance from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on wellness programs and how an employer’s obligations under the Americans with Disabilities Act intersect with its rights and obligations under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (as amended by the Affordable Care Act).
The EEOC finally issued a proposed rule on April 20. The following is what employers need to know in a “Q&A” format.
What problem is the EEOC trying to resolve?
The quick answer is an apparent conflict between the ADA rules on employer “medical inquiries,” on the one hand, and the “wellness program” provisions of the HIPAA/ACA, on the other.
Title I of the ADA (the part of the ADA that applies to private sector employers) generally prohibits employers from making “medical inquiries” of current employees unless the inquiries are “job-related and consistent with business necessity” (for example, to verify the need for a reasonable accommodation). The general rule is that employers are not supposed to be asking for medical information from current employees.
There are some limited exceptions to this rule, including an exception for medical inquiries made in connection with a “voluntary wellness program.”
As employer wellness programs have become more popular, many employers began offering specific rewards or penalties to employees based on whether they participated in the programs and even on whether they achieved certain “results.” As will be discussed in more detail below, the HIPAA and the ACA specifically authorize wellness programs to offer incentives for “participation” and “outcomes” under certain circumstances. However, the question arose whether the use of such incentives would render the wellness program not “voluntary” for ADA purposes. If the wellness program was not voluntary because of the incentives, then any requests for employee medical information made in connection with the wellness program would violate the ADA.
(Title I of the ADA would not have an impact on medical inquiries made, say, to the family member of an employee who might also be eligible to participate in the employer’s wellness program.)
Thus, it was possible that an employer could offer a wellness program that was authorized and lawful under the HIPAA/ACA but still be vulnerable to charges and lawsuits under the ADA. The EEOC’s proposed rule seeks to address this problem, and for the most part, it should be welcomed by employers who offer wellness programs.
What does the proposed rule say, in a nutshell?
The proposed rule says that a wellness program can still be “voluntary” for ADA purposes if the program provides “incentives” for employees (both rewards and penalties), as long as the employer complies with the wellness incentive requirements of the HIPAA/Affordable Care Act.
There are two caveats: The wellness program would have to be associated with a group health plan (either insured or self-insured), and the EEOC proposals do not exactly match the HIPAA/ACA rules, although they are reasonably close.
Can you give us a recap of the HIPAA/ACA requirements?
Under the HIPAA/ACA scheme, there are two types of wellness programs. A “participatory” program is one that rewards employees just for participating and does not require a specific goal to be met. (An example would be an employer who reimburses employees for fitness club memberships.) Under the HIPAA/ACA, participatory programs can be offered without limitation, as long as they’re available to all similarly situated individuals.
The other type of wellness program is a “health-contingent” program. There are two types of “health-contingent” programs: (1) activity-only programs, in which the employee is rewarded for completing an activity but doesn’t have to achieve or maintain an outcome (for example, “we’ll pay you $100 if you walk a mile three days a week for a year”); and (2) outcome-based programs, in which employees are rewarded for achieving or maintaining results (for example, “we’ll pay you $100 if you keep your BMI at or below 25 for a year, or if you quit smoking”).
If the program is health-contingent, employers are allowed to offer incentives (carrots or sticks) if –
- Employees are allowed to try to qualify at least once a year,
- The total reward offered doesn’t exceed 30 percent of the total cost of employee-only coverage under the plan or the total cost of family coverage if dependents are also allowed to participate in the program (“total” means the employee’s and the employer’s share). The percentage is up to 50 percent for tobacco prevention or cessation,
- The program is reasonably designed to promote health or prevent disease,
- The full reward must be available for all similarly situated individuals, and reasonable alternatives must be offered to those who can’t qualify, and
- The availability of reasonable alternatives must be disclosed in plan materials and in any disclosure telling an individual that he or she did not meet an initial outcome-based standard.
Under the HIPAA/ACA, the 30 percent/50 percent incentive limit applies only to “health-contingent” programs. HIPAA and the ACA have no limit on rewards that apply to “participatory” programs (if the programs are available to all similarly situated individuals).
The EEOC’s proposed rule is slightly different.
How does the EEOC proposed rule contrast with the HIPAA/ACA rule?
The EEOC would allow employers to offer incentives for employee participation in wellness programs associated with group health plans if the total reward does not exceed 30 percent of the total cost of employee-only coverage under the plan for both participatory and health-contingent wellness programs. The EEOC proposed rule does not allow a 50 percent reward level for tobacco cessation programs (unless there are no associated disability-related questions or medical exams), and the total cost used in the reward calculations does not take into account family-level coverage, even where dependents can participate in the program.
In addition, the wellness program must be completely voluntary. The EEOC would define “voluntary” as follows:
- Employees aren’t required to participate in the wellness program,
- Health insurance coverage is not denied or made more difficult to get if the employee chooses not to participate (with the exception of the permitted “incentives”), and
- The employer does not take adverse action against an employee for refusing to participate . . . as this employer allegedly did.
The EEOC invites the public to comment on the proposed rulethrough June 19. The agency is particularly interested in comments pertaining to how much medical information an employee should be required to disclose to be eligible for an incentive, whether the rule should require that the incentives not render health insurance “unaffordable” within the meaning of the ACA, issues related to the “notice” requirement, how to treat wellness programs that are not associated with group health insurance, as well as other topics.
The employer would also be required to provide a notice “that clearly explains what medical information will be obtained, who will receive the medical information, how the medical information will be used, the restrictions on its disclosure, and the methods the covered entity will employ to prevent improper disclosure of the medical information.”
The wellness program would be required to disclose medical information to the employer only in aggregated, non-individually-identifiable form, “except as needed to administer the health plan.”
Are there any other issues to consider under the HIPAA/ACA?
Although the EEOC rule is currently in proposed form, we expect any final version to still be somewhat different from the HIPAA/ACA requirements for wellness programs. For example, one of the primary requirements of a outcome-based program under HIPAA is the ability of an employee to meet a “reasonable alternative standard” to receive the reward. Participants in the program must be clearly informed of that option, and it remains to be seen how that notification will be coordinated with the notice proposed by the EEOC. A related issue is the intersection of the “reasonable alternative standard” under HIPAA with the reasonable accommodation and interactive process obligations under the ADA. The EEOC’s Interpretive Guidance to the proposed rule says that provision of a “reasonable alternative standard” along with the required notification will generally satisfy the employer’s reasonable accommodation obligations under the ADA, but no specifics are given. Moreover, the Interpretive Guidance notes that under the ADA an employer would have to make reasonable accommodations for an employee who could not be in a “participatory” program because of a disability, even though the HIPAA/ACA rules do not require a “reasonable alternative standard” for participatory programs.
Also, details about wellness programs commonly appear in ERISA-governed summary plan descriptions, so will the EEOC rules also have to appear there as well?
There are similarities between the employee benefits issues affecting wellness programs, on the one hand, and the ADA and employee-relations issues, on the other, but the differences are equally important and will hopefully be addressed by the EEOC in the final rules expected to be issued later this year.
What should employers do?
The proposed rule describes certain employer “best practices,” as follows:
- Employers should ensure that employees who handle medical information know their obligations under the laws.
- Employers should adopt privacy policies for collection and handling of employee medical information, assuming that they have not already done so.
- If medical information is stored electronically, it should be encrypted and other security measures implemented such as password protection and firewalls.
- If possible, employees who handle medical information should not be “making decisions related to employment, such as hiring, termination, or discipline.” If this is not possible, then the employer should ensure that there is no discrimination based on an employee’s disability.
- Breaches of confidentiality should be promptly and effectively addressed, and the affected employees should be informed immediately.
- Employers should take appropriate action against an employee who breaches confidentiality, and should “consider discontinuing” their relationships with vendors who breach confidentiality.
Why doesn’t the EEOC proposed rule have a 50-percent incentive for tobacco-related programs, since the HIPAA/ACA does?
The EEOC explained that it did not include the 50 percent incentive for tobacco programs because, it said, most of those programs do not seek employee medical information at all. If not, there would be no ADA issue. But if a tobacco program does seek such information (for example, through testing for nicotine, or monitoring blood pressure), then the tobacco program would have to be included in computing the 30-percent limit for incentives.
Did the proposed rule address the employer’s right to get medical information from an employee’s family members, who may be covered under the employee’s health insurance and might be eligible for participation in the wellness program?
No, because Title I of the ADA applies only to employers and employees. Medical inquiries about an employee’s family member would, of course, be covered under the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, which is also enforced by the EEOC. The EEOC says it will issue guidance on wellness and the GINA “in future EEOC rulemaking.”
Did the proposed rule contain anything else of interest?
Yes. The EEOC has explicitly disagreed with a wellness/ADA decision from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, Seff v. Broward County. At issue in theSeff case was a $20-per-paycheck penalty that employees had to pay if they chose not to participate in the county’s wellness program. The court found that the county’s program fell within a “safe harbor” in the ADA, which provides that a covered entity is not prohibited “from establishing, sponsoring, observing or administering the terms of a bona fide benefit plan that are based on underwriting risks, classifying risks, or administering such risks that are based on or not inconsistent with State law.” Because the program fell within the safe harbor, the court said, it was irrelevant whether the program was “voluntary” or whether medical inquiries made in connection with the program violated the ADA.
The EEOC’s position is that this “safe harbor” provision in the ADA does not apply to wellness programs.
Employers who operate in the Eleventh Circuit states of Alabama, Florida, or Georgia can continue to follow Seff for the time being. However, employers who operate in other states may choose to follow the EEOC’s position once its proposal becomes final. The conflict between the EEOC and the Eleventh Circuit will probably be resolved eventually by the courts.
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Authors:M. Brian Magargle | Of Counsel : Since 1993, Brian Magargle has practiced employment law, and he began practicing in the area of employee benefits and ERISA in 1995. Robin E. Shea | Partner : Robin Shea has more than 20 years’ experience in employment litigation, including Title VII and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act.