As states across the country begin to loosen or lift stay-at-home and shutdown orders, many workplaces that had been idled, have just begun to or will soon resume operations. Many states and localities are setting as a precondition for reopening, a requirement that they develop and implement a written, site-specific COVID-19 Exposure Control and Response Plan.
Regardless of any state or local requirement to develop such a plan, any business that operates without an Exposure Control Plan will be potentially exposed to a number of legal or business risks, such as an OSHA citation, being shutdown by a state or local health department, and/or becoming a target for a wrongful death action brought by families of employees, temporary workers, customers, vendors and/or guests. They should also plan to deal with a workforce that is scared and anxious about the company’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in employees refusing to work (which would disrupt and complicate scheduling) and/or making regular and frequent complaints to OSHA about the purported unchecked hazard in your workplace. Responding to these complaints will take time and cost money, distracting your business from its mission. Retaliation claims under Section 11(c) of the OSH Act is another foreseeable consequence of a scared workforce. Without an Exposure Control Plan in place, the legal vulnerabilities will be real and are potentially significant.
We focus below on five key reasons employers must develop a written COVID-19 Exposure Control and Response Plan. But first, what is an exposure control plan?
What is an Exposure Control and Response Plan?
When OSHA identifies a serious safety or health hazard, it usually requires employers to develop a written program including the measures employers will take to counteract the hazard. For example, OSHA requires written lockout/tagout programs to protect against hazardous energy; respiratory protection programs and process safety management programs to protect against hazardous chemical exposures; and emergency action plans to protect against the risk of fires in the workpalce. Simply put, a COVID-19 Exposure Control Plan is a written safety plan outlining how your workplace will prevent the spread of COVID-19, covering issues such as:
- How you will facilitate social distancing in your workplace;
- What engineering or administrative controls you will implement when workers cannot remain at least 6′ apart;
- The steps that you will take to ensure employees comply with personal hygiene practices;
- What types of protective equipment you will provide for various tasks and operations;
- What enhanced housekeeping protocols will be implemented for frequently touched surfaces, tools, and machines;
- What you are doing to prevent/screen sick workers from entering the workplace;
- How you will respond to confirmed or suspected cases among your workforce; and
- How you will communicate with and train your workforce on these mitigation measures.
Five Reasons to Develop a Written COVID-19 Exposure Control Plan
First, whether you have remained open because you are an essential business or plan to reopen soon, you may soon find yourself required to adopt such a plan by virtue of an executive order issued by the governor of a state in which you operate, or in some cases, pursuant to orders issued by city or county officials.
- On May 15th, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced as part of the state’s reopening plan that “[e]very business is required to develop a written plan that puts the safety of their customers and employees first.” While this plan is not required to be submitted to a NY state agency for approval, it must be retained on the premises of the business and must be made available to the NYS Department of Health or local health and safety authorities in the event of an inspection.
- On May 1st, the Governor of Puerto Rico issued a similar requirement as we explained in this blog post.
- On May 18th, California Governor Gavin Newsom issued new guidance for workplaces allowed to reopen, which calls for a site-specific COVID-19 protection plan.
- Other states and counties are certain to follow suit.
Second, both OSHA and the CDC recommend that employers adopt exposure control plans. OSHA enforcement of COVID-19 issues will fall under the agency’s catch-all General Duty Clause. General Duty Clause citations for COVID-19 exposure will rely on guidance the employer did not meet, including OSHA’s own guidance. Morever, while
the US Senate and House of Representatives remain at loggerheads over additional funding to address the pandemic, you can expect continued pressure on OSHA from various stakeholders—Congress, unions, and other workplace safety advocates—to issue an emergency temporary infectious disease standard. Indeed, this week, AFL-CIO filed a lawsuit in federal court against OSHA to try to force the agency to issue an emergency temporary COVID-19 standard, which would require all employers to develop and implement an infection control and response plan.
Since the pandemic reached the US, OSHA has received thousands of employee complaints regarding the insufficiency of their employers’ responses to the new health hazard. In response to the wave of employee complaints, OSHA has been engaging with employers, by requesting the employer respond and explain its efforts to address coronavirus in the workplace. Ineffective responses to these notices of complaints likely will result in an enforcement inspection. The key to avoiding an inspection is having an effective response to protect against COVID-19 in the workplace, and the key to this — and to demonstrating to OSHA that you have an effective response in place — is a coherent, written Exposure Control Plan.
Third, going through a deliberate and focused process to develop a response plan significantly enhances the likelihood that you will not overlook a valuable protective measure. Once prepared, the plan will serve as a ready reference source for managers and workers alike should they have questions or concerns.
Fourth, with in-person communication and training sessions discouraged if not fully discontinued, having a written exposure plan ensures that managers responsible for implementing and enforcing the identified mitigation measures understand what is expected of them. At the same time, a written plan serves as a means to let workers know what steps you are taking and what they can and should do to keep the workplace safe. Establishing a communication plan as part of the overall exposure control plan also creates a consistent means to provide updated information to employees, customers and visitors—all of whom are essential to your continued operation.
Fifth, OSHA citations are not the only risk that you face without a customized exposure control plan. While lawyers have already started filing wrongful death actions on behalf of workers who believe they contracted COVID-19 at work in an effort to obtain recovery outside the workers’ compensation system, employers also may face litigation involving claims that customers, vendors, contractors, or patients who visited your establishment contracted the virus from one of your employees. Family members of your employees may also bring such claims, alleging that they got sick because your employee contracted the virus at work and then infected members of his or her family.
As a boutique law firm focused on Workplace Safety and Labor & Employment Law, Conn Maciel Carey has been working with our clients since the beginning of this crises to develop customized COVID-19 Exposure Control Plans. In most cases, we hold a series of conference calls with leadership, HR, safety, and operations, after which we provide a customized Exposure Control Plan that will help protect employees and customers, and also provide a line of defense against the mounting potential exposure to regulatory and tort liability. If you would like help developing such a plan, please contact any of the attorneys at Conn Maciel Carey.
For additional resources on issues related to COVID-19, please visit Conn Maciel Carey’s COVID-19 FAQ Page for an extensive index of frequently asked questions with our answers about HR, employment law, and OSHA regulatory related developments and guidance. Likewise, subscribe to our Employer Defense Report blog and OSHA Defense Report blog for regular updates about the Labor and Employment or OSHA implications of COVID-19 in the workplace. Conn Maciel Carey’s COVID-19 Task Force is monitoring federal, state, and local developments closely and is continuously updating these blogs and the FAQ page with the latest news and resources for employers.